#include <linux/bits.h>
#include <linux/clk.h>
#include <linux/gpio/consumer.h>
#include <linux/i2c.h>
#include <linux/media-bus-format.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/of_graph.h>
#include <linux/regmap.h>
#include <linux/regulator/consumer.h>
#include <drm/drm_atomic_helper.h>
#include <drm/drm_bridge.h>
#include <drm/drm_mipi_dsi.h>
#include <drm/drm_of.h>
#include <drm/drm_panel.h>
#include <drm/drm_print.h>
#include <drm/drm_probe_helper.h>
#define REG_PAGE_CONTROL 0xff
#define REG_CHIPID0 0x8100
#define REG_CHIPID0_VALUE 0x18
#define REG_CHIPID1 0x8101
#define REG_CHIPID1_VALUE 0x01
#define REG_CHIPID2 0x8102
#define REG_CHIPID2_VALUE 0xe3
#define REG_DSI_LANE 0xd000
#define REG_DSI_LANE_COUNT(n) ((n) & 3)
struct lt9211 {
struct drm_bridge bridge;
struct device *dev;
struct regmap *regmap;
struct mipi_dsi_device *dsi;
struct drm_bridge *panel_bridge;
struct gpio_desc *reset_gpio;
struct regulator *vccio;
bool lvds_dual_link;
bool lvds_dual_link_even_odd_swap;
};
static const struct regmap_range lt9211_rw_ranges[] = {
regmap_reg_range(0xff, 0xff),
regmap_reg_range(0x8100, 0x816b),
regmap_reg_range(0x8200, 0x82aa),
regmap_reg_range(0x8500, 0x85ff),
regmap_reg_range(0x8600, 0x86a0),
regmap_reg_range(0x8700, 0x8746),
regmap_reg_range(0xd000, 0xd0a7),
regmap_reg_range(0xd400, 0xd42c),
regmap_reg_range(0xd800, 0xd838),
regmap_reg_range(0xd9c0, 0xd9d5),
};
static const struct regmap_access_table lt9211_rw_table = {
.yes_ranges = lt9211_rw_ranges,
.n_yes_ranges = ARRAY_SIZE(lt9211_rw_ranges),
};
static const struct regmap_range_cfg lt9211_range = {
.name = "lt9211",
.range_min = 0x0000,
.range_max = 0xda00,
.selector_reg = REG_PAGE_CONTROL,
.selector_mask = 0xff,
.selector_shift = 0,
.window_start = 0,
.window_len = 0x100,
};
static const struct regmap_config lt9211_regmap_config = {
.reg_bits = 8,
.val_bits = 8,
.rd_table = <9211_rw_table,
.wr_table = <9211_rw_table,
.volatile_table = <9211_rw_table,
.ranges = <9211_range,
.num_ranges = 1,
.cache_type = REGCACHE_RBTREE,
.max_register = 0xda00,
};
static struct lt9211 *bridge_to_lt9211(struct drm_bridge *bridge)
{
return container_of(bridge, struct lt9211, bridge);
}
static int lt9211_attach(struct drm_bridge *bridge,
enum drm_bridge_attach_flags flags)
{
struct lt9211 *ctx = bridge_to_lt9211(bridge);
return drm_bridge_attach(bridge->encoder, ctx->panel_bridge,
&ctx->bridge, flags);
}
static int lt9211_read_chipid(struct lt9211 *ctx)
{
u8 chipid[3];
int ret;
ret = regmap_bulk_read(ctx->regmap, REG_CHIPID0, chipid, 3);
if (ret < 0) {
dev_err(ctx->dev, "Failed to read Chip ID: %d\n", ret);
return ret;
}
if (chipid[0] != REG_CHIPID0_VALUE || chipid[1] != REG_CHIPID1_VALUE ||
chipid[2] != REG_CHIPID2_VALUE) {
dev_err(ctx->dev, "Unknown Chip ID: 0x%02x 0x%02x 0x%02x\n",
chipid[0], chipid[1], chipid[2]);
return -EINVAL;
}
return 0;
}
static int lt9211_system_init(struct lt9211 *ctx)
{
const struct reg_sequence lt9211_system_init_seq[] = {
{ 0x8201, 0x18 },
{ 0x8606, 0x61 },
{ 0x8607, 0xa8 },
{ 0x8714, 0x08 },
{ 0x8715, 0x00 },
{ 0x8718, 0x0f },
{ 0x8722, 0x08 },
{ 0x8723, 0x00 },
{ 0x8726, 0x0f },
{ 0x810b, 0xfe },
};
return regmap_multi_reg_write(ctx->regmap, lt9211_system_init_seq,
ARRAY_SIZE(lt9211_system_init_seq));
}
static int lt9211_configure_rx(struct lt9211 *ctx)
{
const struct reg_sequence lt9211_rx_phy_seq[] = {
{ 0x8202, 0x44 },
{ 0x8204, 0xa0 },
{ 0x8205, 0x22 },
{ 0x8207, 0x9f },
{ 0x8208, 0xfc },
{ 0x8209, 0x01 },
{ 0x8217, 0x0c },
{ 0x8633, 0x1b },
};
const struct reg_sequence lt9211_rx_cal_reset_seq[] = {
{ 0x8120, 0x7f },
{ 0x8120, 0xff },
};
const struct reg_sequence lt9211_rx_dig_seq[] = {
{ 0x8630, 0x85 },
{ 0x8588, 0x40 },
{ 0x85ff, 0xd0 },
{ REG_DSI_LANE, REG_DSI_LANE_COUNT(ctx->dsi->lanes) },
{ 0xd002, 0x05 },
};
const struct reg_sequence lt9211_rx_div_reset_seq[] = {
{ 0x810a, 0xc0 },
{ 0x8120, 0xbf },
};
const struct reg_sequence lt9211_rx_div_clear_seq[] = {
{ 0x810a, 0xc1 },
{ 0x8120, 0xff },
};
int ret;
ret = regmap_multi_reg_write(ctx->regmap, lt9211_rx_phy_seq,
ARRAY_SIZE(lt9211_rx_phy_seq));
if (ret)
return ret;
ret = regmap_multi_reg_write(ctx->regmap, lt9211_rx_cal_reset_seq,
ARRAY_SIZE(lt9211_rx_cal_reset_seq));
if (ret)
return ret;
ret = regmap_multi_reg_write(ctx->regmap, lt9211_rx_dig_seq,
ARRAY_SIZE(lt9211_rx_dig_seq));
if (ret)
return ret;
ret = regmap_multi_reg_write(ctx->regmap, lt9211_rx_div_reset_seq,
ARRAY_SIZE(lt9211_rx_div_reset_seq));
if (ret)
return ret;
usleep_range(10000, 15000);
return regmap_multi_reg_write(ctx->regmap, lt9211_rx_div_clear_seq,
ARRAY_SIZE(lt9211_rx_div_clear_seq));
}
static int lt9211_autodetect_rx(struct lt9211 *ctx,
const struct drm_display_mode *mode)
{
u16 width, height;
u32 byteclk;
u8 buf[5];
u8 format;
u8 bc[3];
int ret;
ret = regmap_write(ctx->regmap, 0x8600, 0x01);
if (ret)
return ret;
msleep(100);
ret = regmap_bulk_read(ctx->regmap, 0x8608, bc, sizeof(bc));
if (ret)
return ret;
byteclk = ((bc[0] & 0xf) << 16) | (bc[1] << 8) | bc[2];
ret = regmap_bulk_read(ctx->regmap, 0xd082, buf, sizeof(buf));
if (ret)
return ret;
width = (buf[0] << 8) | buf[1];
height = (buf[3] << 8) | buf[4];
format = buf[2] & 0xf;
if (format == 0x3) {
width /= 2;
} else if (format == 0xa) {
width /= 3;
} else {
dev_err(ctx->dev, "Unsupported DSI pixel format 0x%01x\n",
format);
return -EINVAL;
}
if (width != mode->hdisplay) {
dev_err(ctx->dev,
"RX: Detected DSI width (%d) does not match mode hdisplay (%d)\n",
width, mode->hdisplay);
return -EINVAL;
}
if (height != mode->vdisplay) {
dev_err(ctx->dev,
"RX: Detected DSI height (%d) does not match mode vdisplay (%d)\n",
height, mode->vdisplay);
return -EINVAL;
}
dev_dbg(ctx->dev, "RX: %dx%d format=0x%01x byteclock=%d kHz\n",
width, height, format, byteclk);
return 0;
}
static int lt9211_configure_timing(struct lt9211 *ctx,
const struct drm_display_mode *mode)
{
const struct reg_sequence lt9211_timing[] = {
{ 0xd00d, (mode->vtotal >> 8) & 0xff },
{ 0xd00e, mode->vtotal & 0xff },
{ 0xd00f, (mode->vdisplay >> 8) & 0xff },
{ 0xd010, mode->vdisplay & 0xff },
{ 0xd011, (mode->htotal >> 8) & 0xff },
{ 0xd012, mode->htotal & 0xff },
{ 0xd013, (mode->hdisplay >> 8) & 0xff },
{ 0xd014, mode->hdisplay & 0xff },
{ 0xd015, (mode->vsync_end - mode->vsync_start) & 0xff },
{ 0xd016, (mode->hsync_end - mode->hsync_start) & 0xff },
{ 0xd017, ((mode->vsync_start - mode->vdisplay) >> 8) & 0xff },
{ 0xd018, (mode->vsync_start - mode->vdisplay) & 0xff },
{ 0xd019, ((mode->hsync_start - mode->hdisplay) >> 8) & 0xff },
{ 0xd01a, (mode->hsync_start - mode->hdisplay) & 0xff },
};
return regmap_multi_reg_write(ctx->regmap, lt9211_timing,
ARRAY_SIZE(lt9211_timing));
}
static int lt9211_configure_plls(struct lt9211 *ctx,
const struct drm_display_mode *mode)
{
const struct reg_sequence lt9211_pcr_seq[] = {
{ 0xd026, 0x17 },
{ 0xd027, 0xc3 },
{ 0xd02d, 0x30 },
{ 0xd031, 0x10 },
{ 0xd023, 0x20 },
{ 0xd038, 0x02 },
{ 0xd039, 0x10 },
{ 0xd03a, 0x20 },
{ 0xd03b, 0x60 },
{ 0xd03f, 0x04 },
{ 0xd040, 0x08 },
{ 0xd041, 0x10 },
{ 0x810b, 0xee },
{ 0x810b, 0xfe },
};
unsigned int pval;
int ret;
ret = regmap_write(ctx->regmap, 0x822d, 0x48);
if (ret)
return ret;
if (mode->clock < 44000) {
ret = regmap_write(ctx->regmap, 0x8235, 0x83);
} else if (mode->clock < 88000) {
ret = regmap_write(ctx->regmap, 0x8235, 0x82);
} else if (mode->clock < 176000) {
ret = regmap_write(ctx->regmap, 0x8235, 0x81);
} else {
dev_err(ctx->dev,
"Unsupported mode clock (%d kHz) above 176 MHz.\n",
mode->clock);
return -EINVAL;
}
if (ret)
return ret;
msleep(100);
ret = regmap_multi_reg_write(ctx->regmap, lt9211_pcr_seq,
ARRAY_SIZE(lt9211_pcr_seq));
if (ret)
return ret;
ret = regmap_read_poll_timeout(ctx->regmap, 0xd087, pval, pval & 0x8,
20000, 10000000);
if (ret)
dev_err(ctx->dev, "PCR unstable, ret=%i\n", ret);
return ret;
}
static int lt9211_configure_tx(struct lt9211 *ctx, bool jeida,
bool bpp24, bool de)
{
const struct reg_sequence system_lt9211_tx_phy_seq[] = {
{ 0x8262, 0x00 },
{ 0x823b, 0x38 | (ctx->lvds_dual_link ? BIT(7) : 0) },
{ 0x823e, 0x92 },
{ 0x823f, 0x48 },
{ 0x8240, 0x31 },
{ 0x8243, 0x80 },
{ 0x8244, 0x00 },
{ 0x8245, 0x00 },
{ 0x8249, 0x00 },
{ 0x824a, 0x01 },
{ 0x824e, 0x00 },
{ 0x824f, 0x00 },
{ 0x8250, 0x00 },
{ 0x8253, 0x00 },
{ 0x8254, 0x01 },
{ 0x8646, ctx->lvds_dual_link_even_odd_swap ? 0x40 : 0x10 },
{ 0x8120, 0x7b },
{ 0x816b, 0xff },
};
const struct reg_sequence system_lt9211_tx_dig_seq[] = {
{ 0x8559, 0x40 | (jeida ? BIT(7) : 0) |
(de ? BIT(5) : 0) | (bpp24 ? BIT(4) : 0) },
{ 0x855a, 0xaa },
{ 0x855b, 0xaa },
{ 0x855c, ctx->lvds_dual_link ? BIT(0) : 0 },
{ 0x85a1, 0x77 },
{ 0x8640, 0x40 },
{ 0x8641, 0x34 },
{ 0x8642, 0x10 },
{ 0x8643, 0x23 },
{ 0x8644, 0x41 },
{ 0x8645, 0x02 },
};
const struct reg_sequence system_lt9211_tx_pll_seq[] = {
{ 0x8236, 0x01 },
{ 0x8237, ctx->lvds_dual_link ? 0x2a : 0x29 },
{ 0x8238, 0x06 },
{ 0x8239, 0x30 },
{ 0x823a, 0x8e },
{ 0x8737, 0x14 },
{ 0x8713, 0x00 },
{ 0x8713, 0x80 },
};
unsigned int pval;
int ret;
ret = regmap_multi_reg_write(ctx->regmap, system_lt9211_tx_phy_seq,
ARRAY_SIZE(system_lt9211_tx_phy_seq));
if (ret)
return ret;
ret = regmap_multi_reg_write(ctx->regmap, system_lt9211_tx_dig_seq,
ARRAY_SIZE(system_lt9211_tx_dig_seq));
if (ret)
return ret;
ret = regmap_multi_reg_write(ctx->regmap, system_lt9211_tx_pll_seq,
ARRAY_SIZE(system_lt9211_tx_pll_seq));
if (ret)
return ret;
ret = regmap_read_poll_timeout(ctx->regmap, 0x871f, pval, pval & 0x80,
10000, 1000000);
if (ret) {
dev_err(ctx->dev, "TX PLL unstable, ret=%i\n", ret);
return ret;
}
ret = regmap_read_poll_timeout(ctx->regmap, 0x8720, pval, pval & 0x80,
10000, 1000000);
if (ret) {
dev_err(ctx->dev, "TX PLL unstable, ret=%i\n", ret);
return ret;
}
return 0;
}
static void lt9211_atomic_enable(struct drm_bridge *bridge,
struct drm_bridge_state *old_bridge_state)
{
struct lt9211 *ctx = bridge_to_lt9211(bridge);
struct drm_atomic_state *state = old_bridge_state->base.state;
const struct drm_bridge_state *bridge_state;
const struct drm_crtc_state *crtc_state;
const struct drm_display_mode *mode;
struct drm_connector *connector;
struct drm_crtc *crtc;
bool lvds_format_24bpp;
bool lvds_format_jeida;
u32 bus_flags;
int ret;
ret = regulator_enable(ctx->vccio);
if (ret) {
dev_err(ctx->dev, "Failed to enable vccio: %d\n", ret);
return;
}
gpiod_set_value(ctx->reset_gpio, 1);
usleep_range(20000, 21000);
bridge_state = drm_atomic_get_new_bridge_state(state, bridge);
bus_flags = bridge_state->output_bus_cfg.flags;
switch (bridge_state->output_bus_cfg.format) {
case MEDIA_BUS_FMT_RGB666_1X7X3_SPWG:
lvds_format_24bpp = false;
lvds_format_jeida = true;
break;
case MEDIA_BUS_FMT_RGB888_1X7X4_JEIDA:
lvds_format_24bpp = true;
lvds_format_jeida = true;
break;
case MEDIA_BUS_FMT_RGB888_1X7X4_SPWG:
lvds_format_24bpp = true;
lvds_format_jeida = false;
break;
default:
lvds_format_24bpp = true;
lvds_format_jeida = false;
dev_warn(ctx->dev,
"Unsupported LVDS bus format 0x%04x, please check output bridge driver. Falling back to SPWG24.\n",
bridge_state->output_bus_cfg.format);
break;
}
connector = drm_atomic_get_new_connector_for_encoder(state,
bridge->encoder);
crtc = drm_atomic_get_new_connector_state(state, connector)->crtc;
crtc_state = drm_atomic_get_new_crtc_state(state, crtc);
mode = &crtc_state->adjusted_mode;
ret = lt9211_read_chipid(ctx);
if (ret)
return;
ret = lt9211_system_init(ctx);
if (ret)
return;
ret = lt9211_configure_rx(ctx);
if (ret)
return;
ret = lt9211_autodetect_rx(ctx, mode);
if (ret)
return;
ret = lt9211_configure_timing(ctx, mode);
if (ret)
return;
ret = lt9211_configure_plls(ctx, mode);
if (ret)
return;
ret = lt9211_configure_tx(ctx, lvds_format_jeida, lvds_format_24bpp,
bus_flags & DRM_BUS_FLAG_DE_HIGH);
if (ret)
return;
dev_dbg(ctx->dev, "LT9211 enabled.\n");
}
static void lt9211_atomic_disable(struct drm_bridge *bridge,
struct drm_bridge_state *old_bridge_state)
{
struct lt9211 *ctx = bridge_to_lt9211(bridge);
int ret;
gpiod_set_value(ctx->reset_gpio, 0);
usleep_range(10000, 11000);
ret = regulator_disable(ctx->vccio);
if (ret)
dev_err(ctx->dev, "Failed to disable vccio: %d\n", ret);
regcache_mark_dirty(ctx->regmap);
}
static enum drm_mode_status
lt9211_mode_valid(struct drm_bridge *bridge,
const struct drm_display_info *info,
const struct drm_display_mode *mode)
{
if (mode->clock < 25000)
return MODE_CLOCK_LOW;
if (mode->clock > 176000)
return MODE_CLOCK_HIGH;
return MODE_OK;
}
#define MAX_INPUT_SEL_FORMATS 1
static u32 *
lt9211_atomic_get_input_bus_fmts(struct drm_bridge *bridge,
struct drm_bridge_state *bridge_state,
struct drm_crtc_state *crtc_state,
struct drm_connector_state *conn_state,
u32 output_fmt,
unsigned int *num_input_fmts)
{
u32 *input_fmts;
*num_input_fmts = 0;
input_fmts = kcalloc(MAX_INPUT_SEL_FORMATS, sizeof(*input_fmts),
GFP_KERNEL);
if (!input_fmts)
return NULL;
input_fmts[0] = MEDIA_BUS_FMT_RGB888_1X24;
*num_input_fmts = 1;
return input_fmts;
}
static const struct drm_bridge_funcs lt9211_funcs = {
.attach = lt9211_attach,
.mode_valid = lt9211_mode_valid,
.atomic_enable = lt9211_atomic_enable,
.atomic_disable = lt9211_atomic_disable,
.atomic_duplicate_state = drm_atomic_helper_bridge_duplicate_state,
.atomic_destroy_state = drm_atomic_helper_bridge_destroy_state,
.atomic_get_input_bus_fmts = lt9211_atomic_get_input_bus_fmts,
.atomic_reset = drm_atomic_helper_bridge_reset,
};
static int lt9211_parse_dt(struct lt9211 *ctx)
{
struct device_node *port2, *port3;
struct drm_bridge *panel_bridge;
struct device *dev = ctx->dev;
struct drm_panel *panel;
int dual_link;
int ret;
ctx->vccio = devm_regulator_get(dev, "vccio");
if (IS_ERR(ctx->vccio))
return dev_err_probe(dev, PTR_ERR(ctx->vccio),
"Failed to get supply 'vccio'\n");
ctx->lvds_dual_link = false;
ctx->lvds_dual_link_even_odd_swap = false;
port2 = of_graph_get_port_by_id(dev->of_node, 2);
port3 = of_graph_get_port_by_id(dev->of_node, 3);
dual_link = drm_of_lvds_get_dual_link_pixel_order(port2, port3);
of_node_put(port2);
of_node_put(port3);
if (dual_link == DRM_LVDS_DUAL_LINK_ODD_EVEN_PIXELS) {
ctx->lvds_dual_link = true;
ctx->lvds_dual_link_even_odd_swap = false;
} else if (dual_link == DRM_LVDS_DUAL_LINK_EVEN_ODD_PIXELS) {
ctx->lvds_dual_link = true;
ctx->lvds_dual_link_even_odd_swap = true;
}
ret = drm_of_find_panel_or_bridge(dev->of_node, 2, 0, &panel, &panel_bridge);
if (ret < 0)
return ret;
if (panel) {
panel_bridge = devm_drm_panel_bridge_add(dev, panel);
if (IS_ERR(panel_bridge))
return PTR_ERR(panel_bridge);
}
ctx->panel_bridge = panel_bridge;
return 0;
}
static int lt9211_host_attach(struct lt9211 *ctx)
{
const struct mipi_dsi_device_info info = {
.type = "lt9211",
.channel = 0,
.node = NULL,
};
struct device *dev = ctx->dev;
struct device_node *host_node;
struct device_node *endpoint;
struct mipi_dsi_device *dsi;
struct mipi_dsi_host *host;
int dsi_lanes;
int ret;
endpoint = of_graph_get_endpoint_by_regs(dev->of_node, 0, -1);
dsi_lanes = drm_of_get_data_lanes_count(endpoint, 1, 4);
host_node = of_graph_get_remote_port_parent(endpoint);
host = of_find_mipi_dsi_host_by_node(host_node);
of_node_put(host_node);
of_node_put(endpoint);
if (!host)
return -EPROBE_DEFER;
if (dsi_lanes < 0)
return dsi_lanes;
dsi = devm_mipi_dsi_device_register_full(dev, host, &info);
if (IS_ERR(dsi))
return dev_err_probe(dev, PTR_ERR(dsi),
"failed to create dsi device\n");
ctx->dsi = dsi;
dsi->lanes = dsi_lanes;
dsi->format = MIPI_DSI_FMT_RGB888;
dsi->mode_flags = MIPI_DSI_MODE_VIDEO | MIPI_DSI_MODE_VIDEO_SYNC_PULSE |
MIPI_DSI_MODE_VIDEO_HSE | MIPI_DSI_MODE_VIDEO_NO_HSA |
MIPI_DSI_MODE_VIDEO_NO_HFP | MIPI_DSI_MODE_VIDEO_NO_HBP |
MIPI_DSI_MODE_NO_EOT_PACKET;
ret = devm_mipi_dsi_attach(dev, dsi);
if (ret < 0) {
dev_err(dev, "failed to attach dsi to host: %d\n", ret);
return ret;
}
return 0;
}
static int lt9211_probe(struct i2c_client *client)
{
struct device *dev = &client->dev;
struct lt9211 *ctx;
int ret;
ctx = devm_kzalloc(dev, sizeof(*ctx), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!ctx)
return -ENOMEM;
ctx->dev = dev;
ctx->reset_gpio = devm_gpiod_get_optional(ctx->dev, "reset",
GPIOD_OUT_LOW);
if (IS_ERR(ctx->reset_gpio))
return PTR_ERR(ctx->reset_gpio);
usleep_range(10000, 11000);
ret = lt9211_parse_dt(ctx);
if (ret)
return ret;
ctx->regmap = devm_regmap_init_i2c(client, <9211_regmap_config);
if (IS_ERR(ctx->regmap))
return PTR_ERR(ctx->regmap);
dev_set_drvdata(dev, ctx);
i2c_set_clientdata(client, ctx);
ctx->bridge.funcs = <9211_funcs;
ctx->bridge.of_node = dev->of_node;
drm_bridge_add(&ctx->bridge);
ret = lt9211_host_attach(ctx);
if (ret)
drm_bridge_remove(&ctx->bridge);
return ret;
}
static void lt9211_remove(struct i2c_client *client)
{
struct lt9211 *ctx = i2c_get_clientdata(client);
drm_bridge_remove(&ctx->bridge);
}
static struct i2c_device_id lt9211_id[] = {
{ "lontium,lt9211" },
{},
};
MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(i2c, lt9211_id);
static const struct of_device_id lt9211_match_table[] = {
{ .compatible = "lontium,lt9211" },
{},
};
MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(of, lt9211_match_table);
static struct i2c_driver lt9211_driver = {
.probe = lt9211_probe,
.remove = lt9211_remove,
.id_table = lt9211_id,
.driver = {
.name = "lt9211",
.of_match_table = lt9211_match_table,
},
};
module_i2c_driver(lt9211_driver);
MODULE_AUTHOR("Marek Vasut <marex@denx.de>");
MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Lontium LT9211 DSI/LVDS/DPI bridge driver");
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"