// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 OR MIT
//! The `Box<T>` type for heap allocation.
//!
//! [`Box<T>`], casually referred to as a 'box', provides the simplest form of
//! heap allocation in Rust. Boxes provide ownership for this allocation, and
//! drop their contents when they go out of scope. Boxes also ensure that they
//! never allocate more than `isize::MAX` bytes.
//!
//! # Examples
//!
//! Move a value from the stack to the heap by creating a [`Box`]:
//!
//! ```
//! let val: u8 = 5;
//! let boxed: Box<u8> = Box::new(val);
//! ```
//!
//! Move a value from a [`Box`] back to the stack by [dereferencing]:
//!
//! ```
//! let boxed: Box<u8> = Box::new(5);
//! let val: u8 = *boxed;
//! ```
//!
//! Creating a recursive data structure:
//!
//! ```
//! #[derive(Debug)]
//! enum List<T> {
//! Cons(T, Box<List<T>>),
//! Nil,
//! }
//!
//! let list: List<i32> = List::Cons(1, Box::new(List::Cons(2, Box::new(List::Nil))));
//! println!("{list:?}");
//! ```
//!
//! This will print `Cons(1, Cons(2, Nil))`.
//!
//! Recursive structures must be boxed, because if the definition of `Cons`
//! looked like this:
//!
//! ```compile_fail,E0072
//! # enum List<T> {
//! Cons(T, List<T>),
//! # }
//! ```
//!
//! It wouldn't work. This is because the size of a `List` depends on how many
//! elements are in the list, and so we don't know how much memory to allocate
//! for a `Cons`. By introducing a [`Box<T>`], which has a defined size, we know how
//! big `Cons` needs to be.
//!
//! # Memory layout
//!
//! For non-zero-sized values, a [`Box`] will use the [`Global`] allocator for
//! its allocation. It is valid to convert both ways between a [`Box`] and a
//! raw pointer allocated with the [`Global`] allocator, given that the
//! [`Layout`] used with the allocator is correct for the type. More precisely,
//! a `value: *mut T` that has been allocated with the [`Global`] allocator
//! with `Layout::for_value(&*value)` may be converted into a box using
//! [`Box::<T>::from_raw(value)`]. Conversely, the memory backing a `value: *mut
//! T` obtained from [`Box::<T>::into_raw`] may be deallocated using the
//! [`Global`] allocator with [`Layout::for_value(&*value)`].
//!
//! For zero-sized values, the `Box` pointer still has to be [valid] for reads
//! and writes and sufficiently aligned. In particular, casting any aligned
//! non-zero integer literal to a raw pointer produces a valid pointer, but a
//! pointer pointing into previously allocated memory that since got freed is
//! not valid. The recommended way to build a Box to a ZST if `Box::new` cannot
//! be used is to use [`ptr::NonNull::dangling`].
//!
//! So long as `T: Sized`, a `Box<T>` is guaranteed to be represented
//! as a single pointer and is also ABI-compatible with C pointers
//! (i.e. the C type `T*`). This means that if you have extern "C"
//! Rust functions that will be called from C, you can define those
//! Rust functions using `Box<T>` types, and use `T*` as corresponding
//! type on the C side. As an example, consider this C header which
//! declares functions that create and destroy some kind of `Foo`
//! value:
//!
//! ```c
//! /* C header */
//!
//! /* Returns ownership to the caller */
//! struct Foo* foo_new(void);
//!
//! /* Takes ownership from the caller; no-op when invoked with null */
//! void foo_delete(struct Foo*);
//! ```
//!
//! These two functions might be implemented in Rust as follows. Here, the
//! `struct Foo*` type from C is translated to `Box<Foo>`, which captures
//! the ownership constraints. Note also that the nullable argument to
//! `foo_delete` is represented in Rust as `Option<Box<Foo>>`, since `Box<Foo>`
//! cannot be null.
//!
//! ```
//! #[repr(C)]
//! pub struct Foo;
//!
//! #[no_mangle]
//! pub extern "C" fn foo_new() -> Box<Foo> {
//! Box::new(Foo)
//! }
//!
//! #[no_mangle]
//! pub extern "C" fn foo_delete(_: Option<Box<Foo>>) {}
//! ```
//!
//! Even though `Box<T>` has the same representation and C ABI as a C pointer,
//! this does not mean that you can convert an arbitrary `T*` into a `Box<T>`
//! and expect things to work. `Box<T>` values will always be fully aligned,
//! non-null pointers. Moreover, the destructor for `Box<T>` will attempt to
//! free the value with the global allocator. In general, the best practice
//! is to only use `Box<T>` for pointers that originated from the global
//! allocator.
//!
//! **Important.** At least at present, you should avoid using
//! `Box<T>` types for functions that are defined in C but invoked
//! from Rust. In those cases, you should directly mirror the C types
//! as closely as possible. Using types like `Box<T>` where the C
//! definition is just using `T*` can lead to undefined behavior, as
//! described in [rust-lang/unsafe-code-guidelines#198][ucg#198].
//!
//! # Considerations for unsafe code
//!
//! **Warning: This section is not normative and is subject to change, possibly
//! being relaxed in the future! It is a simplified summary of the rules
//! currently implemented in the compiler.**
//!
//! The aliasing rules for `Box<T>` are the same as for `&mut T`. `Box<T>`
//! asserts uniqueness over its content. Using raw pointers derived from a box
//! after that box has been mutated through, moved or borrowed as `&mut T`
//! is not allowed. For more guidance on working with box from unsafe code, see
//! [rust-lang/unsafe-code-guidelines#326][ucg#326].
//!
//!
//! [ucg#198]: https://github.com/rust-lang/unsafe-code-guidelines/issues/198
//! [ucg#326]: https://github.com/rust-lang/unsafe-code-guidelines/issues/326
//! [dereferencing]: core::ops::Deref
//! [`Box::<T>::from_raw(value)`]: Box::from_raw
//! [`Global`]: crate::alloc::Global
//! [`Layout`]: crate::alloc::Layout
//! [`Layout::for_value(&*value)`]: crate::alloc::Layout::for_value
//! [valid]: ptr#safety
#![stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
use core::any::Any;
use core::async_iter::AsyncIterator;
use core::borrow;
use core::cmp::Ordering;
use core::error::Error;
use core::fmt;
use core::future::Future;
use core::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
use core::iter::FusedIterator;
use core::marker::Tuple;
use core::marker::Unsize;
use core::mem;
use core::ops::{
CoerceUnsized, Deref, DerefMut, DispatchFromDyn, Generator, GeneratorState, Receiver,
};
use core::pin::Pin;
use core::ptr::{self, Unique};
use core::task::{Context, Poll};
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
use crate::alloc::{handle_alloc_error, WriteCloneIntoRaw};
use crate::alloc::{AllocError, Allocator, Global, Layout};
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
use crate::borrow::Cow;
use crate::raw_vec::RawVec;
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
use crate::str::from_boxed_utf8_unchecked;
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
use crate::string::String;
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
use crate::vec::Vec;
#[cfg(not(no_thin))]
#[unstable(feature = "thin_box", issue = "92791")]
pub use thin::ThinBox;
#[cfg(not(no_thin))]
mod thin;
/// A pointer type that uniquely owns a heap allocation of type `T`.
///
/// See the [module-level documentation](../../std/boxed/index.html) for more.
#[lang = "owned_box"]
#[fundamental]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
// The declaration of the `Box` struct must be kept in sync with the
// `alloc::alloc::box_free` function or ICEs will happen. See the comment
// on `box_free` for more details.
pub struct Box<
T: ?Sized,
#[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")] A: Allocator = Global,
>(Unique<T>, A);
impl<T> Box<T> {
/// Allocates memory on the heap and then places `x` into it.
///
/// This doesn't actually allocate if `T` is zero-sized.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let five = Box::new(5);
/// ```
#[cfg(all(not(no_global_oom_handling)))]
#[inline(always)]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
#[must_use]
#[rustc_diagnostic_item = "box_new"]
pub fn new(x: T) -> Self {
#[rustc_box]
Box::new(x)
}
/// Constructs a new box with uninitialized contents.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// #![feature(new_uninit)]
///
/// let mut five = Box::<u32>::new_uninit();
///
/// let five = unsafe {
/// // Deferred initialization:
/// five.as_mut_ptr().write(5);
///
/// five.assume_init()
/// };
///
/// assert_eq!(*five, 5)
/// ```
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
#[unstable(feature = "new_uninit", issue = "63291")]
#[must_use]
#[inline]
pub fn new_uninit() -> Box<mem::MaybeUninit<T>> {
Self::new_uninit_in(Global)
}
/// Constructs a new `Box` with uninitialized contents, with the memory
/// being filled with `0` bytes.
///
/// See [`MaybeUninit::zeroed`][zeroed] for examples of correct and incorrect usage
/// of this method.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// #![feature(new_uninit)]
///
/// let zero = Box::<u32>::new_zeroed();
/// let zero = unsafe { zero.assume_init() };
///
/// assert_eq!(*zero, 0)
/// ```
///
/// [zeroed]: mem::MaybeUninit::zeroed
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
#[inline]
#[unstable(feature = "new_uninit", issue = "63291")]
#[must_use]
pub fn new_zeroed() -> Box<mem::MaybeUninit<T>> {
Self::new_zeroed_in(Global)
}
/// Constructs a new `Pin<Box<T>>`. If `T` does not implement [`Unpin`], then
/// `x` will be pinned in memory and unable to be moved.
///
/// Constructing and pinning of the `Box` can also be done in two steps: `Box::pin(x)`
/// does the same as <code>[Box::into_pin]\([Box::new]\(x))</code>. Consider using
/// [`into_pin`](Box::into_pin) if you already have a `Box<T>`, or if you want to
/// construct a (pinned) `Box` in a different way than with [`Box::new`].
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
#[stable(feature = "pin", since = "1.33.0")]
#[must_use]
#[inline(always)]
pub fn pin(x: T) -> Pin<Box<T>> {
Box::new(x).into()
}
/// Allocates memory on the heap then places `x` into it,
/// returning an error if the allocation fails
///
/// This doesn't actually allocate if `T` is zero-sized.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// #![feature(allocator_api)]
///
/// let five = Box::try_new(5)?;
/// # Ok::<(), std::alloc::AllocError>(())
/// ```
#[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")]
#[inline]
pub fn try_new(x: T) -> Result<Self, AllocError> {
Self::try_new_in(x, Global)
}
/// Constructs a new box with uninitialized contents on the heap,
/// returning an error if the allocation fails
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// #![feature(allocator_api, new_uninit)]
///
/// let mut five = Box::<u32>::try_new_uninit()?;
///
/// let five = unsafe {
/// // Deferred initialization:
/// five.as_mut_ptr().write(5);
///
/// five.assume_init()
/// };
///
/// assert_eq!(*five, 5);
/// # Ok::<(), std::alloc::AllocError>(())
/// ```
#[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")]
// #[unstable(feature = "new_uninit", issue = "63291")]
#[inline]
pub fn try_new_uninit() -> Result<Box<mem::MaybeUninit<T>>, AllocError> {
Box::try_new_uninit_in(Global)
}
/// Constructs a new `Box` with uninitialized contents, with the memory
/// being filled with `0` bytes on the heap
///
/// See [`MaybeUninit::zeroed`][zeroed] for examples of correct and incorrect usage
/// of this method.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// #![feature(allocator_api, new_uninit)]
///
/// let zero = Box::<u32>::try_new_zeroed()?;
/// let zero = unsafe { zero.assume_init() };
///
/// assert_eq!(*zero, 0);
/// # Ok::<(), std::alloc::AllocError>(())
/// ```
///
/// [zeroed]: mem::MaybeUninit::zeroed
#[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")]
// #[unstable(feature = "new_uninit", issue = "63291")]
#[inline]
pub fn try_new_zeroed() -> Result<Box<mem::MaybeUninit<T>>, AllocError> {
Box::try_new_zeroed_in(Global)
}
}
impl<T, A: Allocator> Box<T, A> {
/// Allocates memory in the given allocator then places `x` into it.
///
/// This doesn't actually allocate if `T` is zero-sized.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// #![feature(allocator_api)]
///
/// use std::alloc::System;
///
/// let five = Box::new_in(5, System);
/// ```
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
#[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")]
#[must_use]
#[inline]
pub fn new_in(x: T, alloc: A) -> Self
where
A: Allocator,
{
let mut boxed = Self::new_uninit_in(alloc);
unsafe {
boxed.as_mut_ptr().write(x);
boxed.assume_init()
}
}
/// Allocates memory in the given allocator then places `x` into it,
/// returning an error if the allocation fails
///
/// This doesn't actually allocate if `T` is zero-sized.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// #![feature(allocator_api)]
///
/// use std::alloc::System;
///
/// let five = Box::try_new_in(5, System)?;
/// # Ok::<(), std::alloc::AllocError>(())
/// ```
#[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")]
#[inline]
pub fn try_new_in(x: T, alloc: A) -> Result<Self, AllocError>
where
A: Allocator,
{
let mut boxed = Self::try_new_uninit_in(alloc)?;
unsafe {
boxed.as_mut_ptr().write(x);
Ok(boxed.assume_init())
}
}
/// Constructs a new box with uninitialized contents in the provided allocator.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// #![feature(allocator_api, new_uninit)]
///
/// use std::alloc::System;
///
/// let mut five = Box::<u32, _>::new_uninit_in(System);
///
/// let five = unsafe {
/// // Deferred initialization:
/// five.as_mut_ptr().write(5);
///
/// five.assume_init()
/// };
///
/// assert_eq!(*five, 5)
/// ```
#[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")]
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
#[must_use]
// #[unstable(feature = "new_uninit", issue = "63291")]
pub fn new_uninit_in(alloc: A) -> Box<mem::MaybeUninit<T>, A>
where
A: Allocator,
{
let layout = Layout::new::<mem::MaybeUninit<T>>();
// NOTE: Prefer match over unwrap_or_else since closure sometimes not inlineable.
// That would make code size bigger.
match Box::try_new_uninit_in(alloc) {
Ok(m) => m,
Err(_) => handle_alloc_error(layout),
}
}
/// Constructs a new box with uninitialized contents in the provided allocator,
/// returning an error if the allocation fails
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// #![feature(allocator_api, new_uninit)]
///
/// use std::alloc::System;
///
/// let mut five = Box::<u32, _>::try_new_uninit_in(System)?;
///
/// let five = unsafe {
/// // Deferred initialization:
/// five.as_mut_ptr().write(5);
///
/// five.assume_init()
/// };
///
/// assert_eq!(*five, 5);
/// # Ok::<(), std::alloc::AllocError>(())
/// ```
#[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")]
// #[unstable(feature = "new_uninit", issue = "63291")]
pub fn try_new_uninit_in(alloc: A) -> Result<Box<mem::MaybeUninit<T>, A>, AllocError>
where
A: Allocator,
{
let layout = Layout::new::<mem::MaybeUninit<T>>();
let ptr = alloc.allocate(layout)?.cast();
unsafe { Ok(Box::from_raw_in(ptr.as_ptr(), alloc)) }
}
/// Constructs a new `Box` with uninitialized contents, with the memory
/// being filled with `0` bytes in the provided allocator.
///
/// See [`MaybeUninit::zeroed`][zeroed] for examples of correct and incorrect usage
/// of this method.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// #![feature(allocator_api, new_uninit)]
///
/// use std::alloc::System;
///
/// let zero = Box::<u32, _>::new_zeroed_in(System);
/// let zero = unsafe { zero.assume_init() };
///
/// assert_eq!(*zero, 0)
/// ```
///
/// [zeroed]: mem::MaybeUninit::zeroed
#[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")]
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
// #[unstable(feature = "new_uninit", issue = "63291")]
#[must_use]
pub fn new_zeroed_in(alloc: A) -> Box<mem::MaybeUninit<T>, A>
where
A: Allocator,
{
let layout = Layout::new::<mem::MaybeUninit<T>>();
// NOTE: Prefer match over unwrap_or_else since closure sometimes not inlineable.
// That would make code size bigger.
match Box::try_new_zeroed_in(alloc) {
Ok(m) => m,
Err(_) => handle_alloc_error(layout),
}
}
/// Constructs a new `Box` with uninitialized contents, with the memory
/// being filled with `0` bytes in the provided allocator,
/// returning an error if the allocation fails,
///
/// See [`MaybeUninit::zeroed`][zeroed] for examples of correct and incorrect usage
/// of this method.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// #![feature(allocator_api, new_uninit)]
///
/// use std::alloc::System;
///
/// let zero = Box::<u32, _>::try_new_zeroed_in(System)?;
/// let zero = unsafe { zero.assume_init() };
///
/// assert_eq!(*zero, 0);
/// # Ok::<(), std::alloc::AllocError>(())
/// ```
///
/// [zeroed]: mem::MaybeUninit::zeroed
#[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")]
// #[unstable(feature = "new_uninit", issue = "63291")]
pub fn try_new_zeroed_in(alloc: A) -> Result<Box<mem::MaybeUninit<T>, A>, AllocError>
where
A: Allocator,
{
let layout = Layout::new::<mem::MaybeUninit<T>>();
let ptr = alloc.allocate_zeroed(layout)?.cast();
unsafe { Ok(Box::from_raw_in(ptr.as_ptr(), alloc)) }
}
/// Constructs a new `Pin<Box<T, A>>`. If `T` does not implement [`Unpin`], then
/// `x` will be pinned in memory and unable to be moved.
///
/// Constructing and pinning of the `Box` can also be done in two steps: `Box::pin_in(x, alloc)`
/// does the same as <code>[Box::into_pin]\([Box::new_in]\(x, alloc))</code>. Consider using
/// [`into_pin`](Box::into_pin) if you already have a `Box<T, A>`, or if you want to
/// construct a (pinned) `Box` in a different way than with [`Box::new_in`].
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
#[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")]
#[must_use]
#[inline(always)]
pub fn pin_in(x: T, alloc: A) -> Pin<Self>
where
A: 'static + Allocator,
{
Self::into_pin(Self::new_in(x, alloc))
}
/// Converts a `Box<T>` into a `Box<[T]>`
///
/// This conversion does not allocate on the heap and happens in place.
#[unstable(feature = "box_into_boxed_slice", issue = "71582")]
pub fn into_boxed_slice(boxed: Self) -> Box<[T], A> {
let (raw, alloc) = Box::into_raw_with_allocator(boxed);
unsafe { Box::from_raw_in(raw as *mut [T; 1], alloc) }
}
/// Consumes the `Box`, returning the wrapped value.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// #![feature(box_into_inner)]
///
/// let c = Box::new(5);
///
/// assert_eq!(Box::into_inner(c), 5);
/// ```
#[unstable(feature = "box_into_inner", issue = "80437")]
#[inline]
pub fn into_inner(boxed: Self) -> T {
*boxed
}
}
impl<T> Box<[T]> {
/// Constructs a new boxed slice with uninitialized contents.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// #![feature(new_uninit)]
///
/// let mut values = Box::<[u32]>::new_uninit_slice(3);
///
/// let values = unsafe {
/// // Deferred initialization:
/// values[0].as_mut_ptr().write(1);
/// values[1].as_mut_ptr().write(2);
/// values[2].as_mut_ptr().write(3);
///
/// values.assume_init()
/// };
///
/// assert_eq!(*values, [1, 2, 3])
/// ```
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
#[unstable(feature = "new_uninit", issue = "63291")]
#[must_use]
pub fn new_uninit_slice(len: usize) -> Box<[mem::MaybeUninit<T>]> {
unsafe { RawVec::with_capacity(len).into_box(len) }
}
/// Constructs a new boxed slice with uninitialized contents, with the memory
/// being filled with `0` bytes.
///
/// See [`MaybeUninit::zeroed`][zeroed] for examples of correct and incorrect usage
/// of this method.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// #![feature(new_uninit)]
///
/// let values = Box::<[u32]>::new_zeroed_slice(3);
/// let values = unsafe { values.assume_init() };
///
/// assert_eq!(*values, [0, 0, 0])
/// ```
///
/// [zeroed]: mem::MaybeUninit::zeroed
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
#[unstable(feature = "new_uninit", issue = "63291")]
#[must_use]
pub fn new_zeroed_slice(len: usize) -> Box<[mem::MaybeUninit<T>]> {
unsafe { RawVec::with_capacity_zeroed(len).into_box(len) }
}
/// Constructs a new boxed slice with uninitialized contents. Returns an error if
/// the allocation fails
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// #![feature(allocator_api, new_uninit)]
///
/// let mut values = Box::<[u32]>::try_new_uninit_slice(3)?;
/// let values = unsafe {
/// // Deferred initialization:
/// values[0].as_mut_ptr().write(1);
/// values[1].as_mut_ptr().write(2);
/// values[2].as_mut_ptr().write(3);
/// values.assume_init()
/// };
///
/// assert_eq!(*values, [1, 2, 3]);
/// # Ok::<(), std::alloc::AllocError>(())
/// ```
#[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")]
#[inline]
pub fn try_new_uninit_slice(len: usize) -> Result<Box<[mem::MaybeUninit<T>]>, AllocError> {
unsafe {
let layout = match Layout::array::<mem::MaybeUninit<T>>(len) {
Ok(l) => l,
Err(_) => return Err(AllocError),
};
let ptr = Global.allocate(layout)?;
Ok(RawVec::from_raw_parts_in(ptr.as_mut_ptr() as *mut _, len, Global).into_box(len))
}
}
/// Constructs a new boxed slice with uninitialized contents, with the memory
/// being filled with `0` bytes. Returns an error if the allocation fails
///
/// See [`MaybeUninit::zeroed`][zeroed] for examples of correct and incorrect usage
/// of this method.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// #![feature(allocator_api, new_uninit)]
///
/// let values = Box::<[u32]>::try_new_zeroed_slice(3)?;
/// let values = unsafe { values.assume_init() };
///
/// assert_eq!(*values, [0, 0, 0]);
/// # Ok::<(), std::alloc::AllocError>(())
/// ```
///
/// [zeroed]: mem::MaybeUninit::zeroed
#[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")]
#[inline]
pub fn try_new_zeroed_slice(len: usize) -> Result<Box<[mem::MaybeUninit<T>]>, AllocError> {
unsafe {
let layout = match Layout::array::<mem::MaybeUninit<T>>(len) {
Ok(l) => l,
Err(_) => return Err(AllocError),
};
let ptr = Global.allocate_zeroed(layout)?;
Ok(RawVec::from_raw_parts_in(ptr.as_mut_ptr() as *mut _, len, Global).into_box(len))
}
}
}
impl<T, A: Allocator> Box<[T], A> {
/// Constructs a new boxed slice with uninitialized contents in the provided allocator.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// #![feature(allocator_api, new_uninit)]
///
/// use std::alloc::System;
///
/// let mut values = Box::<[u32], _>::new_uninit_slice_in(3, System);
///
/// let values = unsafe {
/// // Deferred initialization:
/// values[0].as_mut_ptr().write(1);
/// values[1].as_mut_ptr().write(2);
/// values[2].as_mut_ptr().write(3);
///
/// values.assume_init()
/// };
///
/// assert_eq!(*values, [1, 2, 3])
/// ```
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
#[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")]
// #[unstable(feature = "new_uninit", issue = "63291")]
#[must_use]
pub fn new_uninit_slice_in(len: usize, alloc: A) -> Box<[mem::MaybeUninit<T>], A> {
unsafe { RawVec::with_capacity_in(len, alloc).into_box(len) }
}
/// Constructs a new boxed slice with uninitialized contents in the provided allocator,
/// with the memory being filled with `0` bytes.
///
/// See [`MaybeUninit::zeroed`][zeroed] for examples of correct and incorrect usage
/// of this method.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// #![feature(allocator_api, new_uninit)]
///
/// use std::alloc::System;
///
/// let values = Box::<[u32], _>::new_zeroed_slice_in(3, System);
/// let values = unsafe { values.assume_init() };
///
/// assert_eq!(*values, [0, 0, 0])
/// ```
///
/// [zeroed]: mem::MaybeUninit::zeroed
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
#[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")]
// #[unstable(feature = "new_uninit", issue = "63291")]
#[must_use]
pub fn new_zeroed_slice_in(len: usize, alloc: A) -> Box<[mem::MaybeUninit<T>], A> {
unsafe { RawVec::with_capacity_zeroed_in(len, alloc).into_box(len) }
}
}
impl<T, A: Allocator> Box<mem::MaybeUninit<T>, A> {
/// Converts to `Box<T, A>`.
///
/// # Safety
///
/// As with [`MaybeUninit::assume_init`],
/// it is up to the caller to guarantee that the value
/// really is in an initialized state.
/// Calling this when the content is not yet fully initialized
/// causes immediate undefined behavior.
///
/// [`MaybeUninit::assume_init`]: mem::MaybeUninit::assume_init
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// #![feature(new_uninit)]
///
/// let mut five = Box::<u32>::new_uninit();
///
/// let five: Box<u32> = unsafe {
/// // Deferred initialization:
/// five.as_mut_ptr().write(5);
///
/// five.assume_init()
/// };
///
/// assert_eq!(*five, 5)
/// ```
#[unstable(feature = "new_uninit", issue = "63291")]
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn assume_init(self) -> Box<T, A> {
let (raw, alloc) = Box::into_raw_with_allocator(self);
unsafe { Box::from_raw_in(raw as *mut T, alloc) }
}
/// Writes the value and converts to `Box<T, A>`.
///
/// This method converts the box similarly to [`Box::assume_init`] but
/// writes `value` into it before conversion thus guaranteeing safety.
/// In some scenarios use of this method may improve performance because
/// the compiler may be able to optimize copying from stack.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// #![feature(new_uninit)]
///
/// let big_box = Box::<[usize; 1024]>::new_uninit();
///
/// let mut array = [0; 1024];
/// for (i, place) in array.iter_mut().enumerate() {
/// *place = i;
/// }
///
/// // The optimizer may be able to elide this copy, so previous code writes
/// // to heap directly.
/// let big_box = Box::write(big_box, array);
///
/// for (i, x) in big_box.iter().enumerate() {
/// assert_eq!(*x, i);
/// }
/// ```
#[unstable(feature = "new_uninit", issue = "63291")]
#[inline]
pub fn write(mut boxed: Self, value: T) -> Box<T, A> {
unsafe {
(*boxed).write(value);
boxed.assume_init()
}
}
}
impl<T, A: Allocator> Box<[mem::MaybeUninit<T>], A> {
/// Converts to `Box<[T], A>`.
///
/// # Safety
///
/// As with [`MaybeUninit::assume_init`],
/// it is up to the caller to guarantee that the values
/// really are in an initialized state.
/// Calling this when the content is not yet fully initialized
/// causes immediate undefined behavior.
///
/// [`MaybeUninit::assume_init`]: mem::MaybeUninit::assume_init
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// #![feature(new_uninit)]
///
/// let mut values = Box::<[u32]>::new_uninit_slice(3);
///
/// let values = unsafe {
/// // Deferred initialization:
/// values[0].as_mut_ptr().write(1);
/// values[1].as_mut_ptr().write(2);
/// values[2].as_mut_ptr().write(3);
///
/// values.assume_init()
/// };
///
/// assert_eq!(*values, [1, 2, 3])
/// ```
#[unstable(feature = "new_uninit", issue = "63291")]
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn assume_init(self) -> Box<[T], A> {
let (raw, alloc) = Box::into_raw_with_allocator(self);
unsafe { Box::from_raw_in(raw as *mut [T], alloc) }
}
}
impl<T: ?Sized> Box<T> {
/// Constructs a box from a raw pointer.
///
/// After calling this function, the raw pointer is owned by the
/// resulting `Box`. Specifically, the `Box` destructor will call
/// the destructor of `T` and free the allocated memory. For this
/// to be safe, the memory must have been allocated in accordance
/// with the [memory layout] used by `Box` .
///
/// # Safety
///
/// This function is unsafe because improper use may lead to
/// memory problems. For example, a double-free may occur if the
/// function is called twice on the same raw pointer.
///
/// The safety conditions are described in the [memory layout] section.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Recreate a `Box` which was previously converted to a raw pointer
/// using [`Box::into_raw`]:
/// ```
/// let x = Box::new(5);
/// let ptr = Box::into_raw(x);
/// let x = unsafe { Box::from_raw(ptr) };
/// ```
/// Manually create a `Box` from scratch by using the global allocator:
/// ```
/// use std::alloc::{alloc, Layout};
///
/// unsafe {
/// let ptr = alloc(Layout::new::<i32>()) as *mut i32;
/// // In general .write is required to avoid attempting to destruct
/// // the (uninitialized) previous contents of `ptr`, though for this
/// // simple example `*ptr = 5` would have worked as well.
/// ptr.write(5);
/// let x = Box::from_raw(ptr);
/// }
/// ```
///
/// [memory layout]: self#memory-layout
/// [`Layout`]: crate::Layout
#[stable(feature = "box_raw", since = "1.4.0")]
#[inline]
#[must_use = "call `drop(Box::from_raw(ptr))` if you intend to drop the `Box`"]
pub unsafe fn from_raw(raw: *mut T) -> Self {
unsafe { Self::from_raw_in(raw, Global) }
}
}
impl<T: ?Sized, A: Allocator> Box<T, A> {
/// Constructs a box from a raw pointer in the given allocator.
///
/// After calling this function, the raw pointer is owned by the
/// resulting `Box`. Specifically, the `Box` destructor will call
/// the destructor of `T` and free the allocated memory. For this
/// to be safe, the memory must have been allocated in accordance
/// with the [memory layout] used by `Box` .
///
/// # Safety
///
/// This function is unsafe because improper use may lead to
/// memory problems. For example, a double-free may occur if the
/// function is called twice on the same raw pointer.
///
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Recreate a `Box` which was previously converted to a raw pointer
/// using [`Box::into_raw_with_allocator`]:
/// ```
/// #![feature(allocator_api)]
///
/// use std::alloc::System;
///
/// let x = Box::new_in(5, System);
/// let (ptr, alloc) = Box::into_raw_with_allocator(x);
/// let x = unsafe { Box::from_raw_in(ptr, alloc) };
/// ```
/// Manually create a `Box` from scratch by using the system allocator:
/// ```
/// #![feature(allocator_api, slice_ptr_get)]
///
/// use std::alloc::{Allocator, Layout, System};
///
/// unsafe {
/// let ptr = System.allocate(Layout::new::<i32>())?.as_mut_ptr() as *mut i32;
/// // In general .write is required to avoid attempting to destruct
/// // the (uninitialized) previous contents of `ptr`, though for this
/// // simple example `*ptr = 5` would have worked as well.
/// ptr.write(5);
/// let x = Box::from_raw_in(ptr, System);
/// }
/// # Ok::<(), std::alloc::AllocError>(())
/// ```
///
/// [memory layout]: self#memory-layout
/// [`Layout`]: crate::Layout
#[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")]
#[rustc_const_unstable(feature = "const_box", issue = "92521")]
#[inline]
pub const unsafe fn from_raw_in(raw: *mut T, alloc: A) -> Self {
Box(unsafe { Unique::new_unchecked(raw) }, alloc)
}
/// Consumes the `Box`, returning a wrapped raw pointer.
///
/// The pointer will be properly aligned and non-null.
///
/// After calling this function, the caller is responsible for the
/// memory previously managed by the `Box`. In particular, the
/// caller should properly destroy `T` and release the memory, taking
/// into account the [memory layout] used by `Box`. The easiest way to
/// do this is to convert the raw pointer back into a `Box` with the
/// [`Box::from_raw`] function, allowing the `Box` destructor to perform
/// the cleanup.
///
/// Note: this is an associated function, which means that you have
/// to call it as `Box::into_raw(b)` instead of `b.into_raw()`. This
/// is so that there is no conflict with a method on the inner type.
///
/// # Examples
/// Converting the raw pointer back into a `Box` with [`Box::from_raw`]
/// for automatic cleanup:
/// ```
/// let x = Box::new(String::from("Hello"));
/// let ptr = Box::into_raw(x);
/// let x = unsafe { Box::from_raw(ptr) };
/// ```
/// Manual cleanup by explicitly running the destructor and deallocating
/// the memory:
/// ```
/// use std::alloc::{dealloc, Layout};
/// use std::ptr;
///
/// let x = Box::new(String::from("Hello"));
/// let p = Box::into_raw(x);
/// unsafe {
/// ptr::drop_in_place(p);
/// dealloc(p as *mut u8, Layout::new::<String>());
/// }
/// ```
///
/// [memory layout]: self#memory-layout
#[stable(feature = "box_raw", since = "1.4.0")]
#[inline]
pub fn into_raw(b: Self) -> *mut T {
Self::into_raw_with_allocator(b).0
}
/// Consumes the `Box`, returning a wrapped raw pointer and the allocator.
///
/// The pointer will be properly aligned and non-null.
///
/// After calling this function, the caller is responsible for the
/// memory previously managed by the `Box`. In particular, the
/// caller should properly destroy `T` and release the memory, taking
/// into account the [memory layout] used by `Box`. The easiest way to
/// do this is to convert the raw pointer back into a `Box` with the
/// [`Box::from_raw_in`] function, allowing the `Box` destructor to perform
/// the cleanup.
///
/// Note: this is an associated function, which means that you have
/// to call it as `Box::into_raw_with_allocator(b)` instead of `b.into_raw_with_allocator()`. This
/// is so that there is no conflict with a method on the inner type.
///
/// # Examples
/// Converting the raw pointer back into a `Box` with [`Box::from_raw_in`]
/// for automatic cleanup:
/// ```
/// #![feature(allocator_api)]
///
/// use std::alloc::System;
///
/// let x = Box::new_in(String::from("Hello"), System);
/// let (ptr, alloc) = Box::into_raw_with_allocator(x);
/// let x = unsafe { Box::from_raw_in(ptr, alloc) };
/// ```
/// Manual cleanup by explicitly running the destructor and deallocating
/// the memory:
/// ```
/// #![feature(allocator_api)]
///
/// use std::alloc::{Allocator, Layout, System};
/// use std::ptr::{self, NonNull};
///
/// let x = Box::new_in(String::from("Hello"), System);
/// let (ptr, alloc) = Box::into_raw_with_allocator(x);
/// unsafe {
/// ptr::drop_in_place(ptr);
/// let non_null = NonNull::new_unchecked(ptr);
/// alloc.deallocate(non_null.cast(), Layout::new::<String>());
/// }
/// ```
///
/// [memory layout]: self#memory-layout
#[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")]
#[inline]
pub fn into_raw_with_allocator(b: Self) -> (*mut T, A) {
let (leaked, alloc) = Box::into_unique(b);
(leaked.as_ptr(), alloc)
}
#[unstable(
feature = "ptr_internals",
issue = "none",
reason = "use `Box::leak(b).into()` or `Unique::from(Box::leak(b))` instead"
)]
#[inline]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub fn into_unique(b: Self) -> (Unique<T>, A) {
// Box is recognized as a "unique pointer" by Stacked Borrows, but internally it is a
// raw pointer for the type system. Turning it directly into a raw pointer would not be
// recognized as "releasing" the unique pointer to permit aliased raw accesses,
// so all raw pointer methods have to go through `Box::leak`. Turning *that* to a raw pointer
// behaves correctly.
let alloc = unsafe { ptr::read(&b.1) };
(Unique::from(Box::leak(b)), alloc)
}
/// Returns a reference to the underlying allocator.
///
/// Note: this is an associated function, which means that you have
/// to call it as `Box::allocator(&b)` instead of `b.allocator()`. This
/// is so that there is no conflict with a method on the inner type.
#[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")]
#[rustc_const_unstable(feature = "const_box", issue = "92521")]
#[inline]
pub const fn allocator(b: &Self) -> &A {
&b.1
}
/// Consumes and leaks the `Box`, returning a mutable reference,
/// `&'a mut T`. Note that the type `T` must outlive the chosen lifetime
/// `'a`. If the type has only static references, or none at all, then this
/// may be chosen to be `'static`.
///
/// This function is mainly useful for data that lives for the remainder of
/// the program's life. Dropping the returned reference will cause a memory
/// leak. If this is not acceptable, the reference should first be wrapped
/// with the [`Box::from_raw`] function producing a `Box`. This `Box` can
/// then be dropped which will properly destroy `T` and release the
/// allocated memory.
///
/// Note: this is an associated function, which means that you have
/// to call it as `Box::leak(b)` instead of `b.leak()`. This
/// is so that there is no conflict with a method on the inner type.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Simple usage:
///
/// ```
/// let x = Box::new(41);
/// let static_ref: &'static mut usize = Box::leak(x);
/// *static_ref += 1;
/// assert_eq!(*static_ref, 42);
/// ```
///
/// Unsized data:
///
/// ```
/// let x = vec![1, 2, 3].into_boxed_slice();
/// let static_ref = Box::leak(x);
/// static_ref[0] = 4;
/// assert_eq!(*static_ref, [4, 2, 3]);
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "box_leak", since = "1.26.0")]
#[inline]
pub fn leak<'a>(b: Self) -> &'a mut T
where
A: 'a,
{
unsafe { &mut *mem::ManuallyDrop::new(b).0.as_ptr() }
}
/// Converts a `Box<T>` into a `Pin<Box<T>>`. If `T` does not implement [`Unpin`], then
/// `*boxed` will be pinned in memory and unable to be moved.
///
/// This conversion does not allocate on the heap and happens in place.
///
/// This is also available via [`From`].
///
/// Constructing and pinning a `Box` with <code>Box::into_pin([Box::new]\(x))</code>
/// can also be written more concisely using <code>[Box::pin]\(x)</code>.
/// This `into_pin` method is useful if you already have a `Box<T>`, or you are
/// constructing a (pinned) `Box` in a different way than with [`Box::new`].
///
/// # Notes
///
/// It's not recommended that crates add an impl like `From<Box<T>> for Pin<T>`,
/// as it'll introduce an ambiguity when calling `Pin::from`.
/// A demonstration of such a poor impl is shown below.
///
/// ```compile_fail
/// # use std::pin::Pin;
/// struct Foo; // A type defined in this crate.
/// impl From<Box<()>> for Pin<Foo> {
/// fn from(_: Box<()>) -> Pin<Foo> {
/// Pin::new(Foo)
/// }
/// }
///
/// let foo = Box::new(());
/// let bar = Pin::from(foo);
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "box_into_pin", since = "1.63.0")]
#[rustc_const_unstable(feature = "const_box", issue = "92521")]
pub const fn into_pin(boxed: Self) -> Pin<Self>
where
A: 'static,
{
// It's not possible to move or replace the insides of a `Pin<Box<T>>`
// when `T: !Unpin`, so it's safe to pin it directly without any
// additional requirements.
unsafe { Pin::new_unchecked(boxed) }
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
unsafe impl<#[may_dangle] T: ?Sized, A: Allocator> Drop for Box<T, A> {
fn drop(&mut self) {
// FIXME: Do nothing, drop is currently performed by compiler.
}
}
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: Default> Default for Box<T> {
/// Creates a `Box<T>`, with the `Default` value for T.
#[inline]
fn default() -> Self {
Box::new(T::default())
}
}
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T> Default for Box<[T]> {
#[inline]
fn default() -> Self {
let ptr: Unique<[T]> = Unique::<[T; 0]>::dangling();
Box(ptr, Global)
}
}
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
#[stable(feature = "default_box_extra", since = "1.17.0")]
impl Default for Box<str> {
#[inline]
fn default() -> Self {
// SAFETY: This is the same as `Unique::cast<U>` but with an unsized `U = str`.
let ptr: Unique<str> = unsafe {
let bytes: Unique<[u8]> = Unique::<[u8; 0]>::dangling();
Unique::new_unchecked(bytes.as_ptr() as *mut str)
};
Box(ptr, Global)
}
}
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: Clone, A: Allocator + Clone> Clone for Box<T, A> {
/// Returns a new box with a `clone()` of this box's contents.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let x = Box::new(5);
/// let y = x.clone();
///
/// // The value is the same
/// assert_eq!(x, y);
///
/// // But they are unique objects
/// assert_ne!(&*x as *const i32, &*y as *const i32);
/// ```
#[inline]
fn clone(&self) -> Self {
// Pre-allocate memory to allow writing the cloned value directly.
let mut boxed = Self::new_uninit_in(self.1.clone());
unsafe {
(**self).write_clone_into_raw(boxed.as_mut_ptr());
boxed.assume_init()
}
}
/// Copies `source`'s contents into `self` without creating a new allocation.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let x = Box::new(5);
/// let mut y = Box::new(10);
/// let yp: *const i32 = &*y;
///
/// y.clone_from(&x);
///
/// // The value is the same
/// assert_eq!(x, y);
///
/// // And no allocation occurred
/// assert_eq!(yp, &*y);
/// ```
#[inline]
fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self) {
(**self).clone_from(&(**source));
}
}
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
#[stable(feature = "box_slice_clone", since = "1.3.0")]
impl Clone for Box<str> {
fn clone(&self) -> Self {
// this makes a copy of the data
let buf: Box<[u8]> = self.as_bytes().into();
unsafe { from_boxed_utf8_unchecked(buf) }
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized + PartialEq, A: Allocator> PartialEq for Box<T, A> {
#[inline]
fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
PartialEq::eq(&**self, &**other)
}
#[inline]
fn ne(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
PartialEq::ne(&**self, &**other)
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized + PartialOrd, A: Allocator> PartialOrd for Box<T, A> {
#[inline]
fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
PartialOrd::partial_cmp(&**self, &**other)
}
#[inline]
fn lt(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
PartialOrd::lt(&**self, &**other)
}
#[inline]
fn le(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
PartialOrd::le(&**self, &**other)
}
#[inline]
fn ge(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
PartialOrd::ge(&**self, &**other)
}
#[inline]
fn gt(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
PartialOrd::gt(&**self, &**other)
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized + Ord, A: Allocator> Ord for Box<T, A> {
#[inline]
fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
Ord::cmp(&**self, &**other)
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized + Eq, A: Allocator> Eq for Box<T, A> {}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized + Hash, A: Allocator> Hash for Box<T, A> {
fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
(**self).hash(state);
}
}
#[stable(feature = "indirect_hasher_impl", since = "1.22.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized + Hasher, A: Allocator> Hasher for Box<T, A> {
fn finish(&self) -> u64 {
(**self).finish()
}
fn write(&mut self, bytes: &[u8]) {
(**self).write(bytes)
}
fn write_u8(&mut self, i: u8) {
(**self).write_u8(i)
}
fn write_u16(&mut self, i: u16) {
(**self).write_u16(i)
}
fn write_u32(&mut self, i: u32) {
(**self).write_u32(i)
}
fn write_u64(&mut self, i: u64) {
(**self).write_u64(i)
}
fn write_u128(&mut self, i: u128) {
(**self).write_u128(i)
}
fn write_usize(&mut self, i: usize) {
(**self).write_usize(i)
}
fn write_i8(&mut self, i: i8) {
(**self).write_i8(i)
}
fn write_i16(&mut self, i: i16) {
(**self).write_i16(i)
}
fn write_i32(&mut self, i: i32) {
(**self).write_i32(i)
}
fn write_i64(&mut self, i: i64) {
(**self).write_i64(i)
}
fn write_i128(&mut self, i: i128) {
(**self).write_i128(i)
}
fn write_isize(&mut self, i: isize) {
(**self).write_isize(i)
}
fn write_length_prefix(&mut self, len: usize) {
(**self).write_length_prefix(len)
}
fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) {
(**self).write_str(s)
}
}
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
#[stable(feature = "from_for_ptrs", since = "1.6.0")]
impl<T> From<T> for Box<T> {
/// Converts a `T` into a `Box<T>`
///
/// The conversion allocates on the heap and moves `t`
/// from the stack into it.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// let x = 5;
/// let boxed = Box::new(5);
///
/// assert_eq!(Box::from(x), boxed);
/// ```
fn from(t: T) -> Self {
Box::new(t)
}
}
#[stable(feature = "pin", since = "1.33.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized, A: Allocator> From<Box<T, A>> for Pin<Box<T, A>>
where
A: 'static,
{
/// Converts a `Box<T>` into a `Pin<Box<T>>`. If `T` does not implement [`Unpin`], then
/// `*boxed` will be pinned in memory and unable to be moved.
///
/// This conversion does not allocate on the heap and happens in place.
///
/// This is also available via [`Box::into_pin`].
///
/// Constructing and pinning a `Box` with <code><Pin<Box\<T>>>::from([Box::new]\(x))</code>
/// can also be written more concisely using <code>[Box::pin]\(x)</code>.
/// This `From` implementation is useful if you already have a `Box<T>`, or you are
/// constructing a (pinned) `Box` in a different way than with [`Box::new`].
fn from(boxed: Box<T, A>) -> Self {
Box::into_pin(boxed)
}
}
/// Specialization trait used for `From<&[T]>`.
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
trait BoxFromSlice<T> {
fn from_slice(slice: &[T]) -> Self;
}
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
impl<T: Clone> BoxFromSlice<T> for Box<[T]> {
#[inline]
default fn from_slice(slice: &[T]) -> Self {
slice.to_vec().into_boxed_slice()
}
}
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
impl<T: Copy> BoxFromSlice<T> for Box<[T]> {
#[inline]
fn from_slice(slice: &[T]) -> Self {
let len = slice.len();
let buf = RawVec::with_capacity(len);
unsafe {
ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(slice.as_ptr(), buf.ptr(), len);
buf.into_box(slice.len()).assume_init()
}
}
}
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
#[stable(feature = "box_from_slice", since = "1.17.0")]
impl<T: Clone> From<&[T]> for Box<[T]> {
/// Converts a `&[T]` into a `Box<[T]>`
///
/// This conversion allocates on the heap
/// and performs a copy of `slice` and its contents.
///
/// # Examples
/// ```rust
/// // create a &[u8] which will be used to create a Box<[u8]>
/// let slice: &[u8] = &[104, 101, 108, 108, 111];
/// let boxed_slice: Box<[u8]> = Box::from(slice);
///
/// println!("{boxed_slice:?}");
/// ```
#[inline]
fn from(slice: &[T]) -> Box<[T]> {
<Self as BoxFromSlice<T>>::from_slice(slice)
}
}
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
#[stable(feature = "box_from_cow", since = "1.45.0")]
impl<T: Clone> From<Cow<'_, [T]>> for Box<[T]> {
/// Converts a `Cow<'_, [T]>` into a `Box<[T]>`
///
/// When `cow` is the `Cow::Borrowed` variant, this
/// conversion allocates on the heap and copies the
/// underlying slice. Otherwise, it will try to reuse the owned
/// `Vec`'s allocation.
#[inline]
fn from(cow: Cow<'_, [T]>) -> Box<[T]> {
match cow {
Cow::Borrowed(slice) => Box::from(slice),
Cow::Owned(slice) => Box::from(slice),
}
}
}
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
#[stable(feature = "box_from_slice", since = "1.17.0")]
impl From<&str> for Box<str> {
/// Converts a `&str` into a `Box<str>`
///
/// This conversion allocates on the heap
/// and performs a copy of `s`.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// let boxed: Box<str> = Box::from("hello");
/// println!("{boxed}");
/// ```
#[inline]
fn from(s: &str) -> Box<str> {
unsafe { from_boxed_utf8_unchecked(Box::from(s.as_bytes())) }
}
}
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
#[stable(feature = "box_from_cow", since = "1.45.0")]
impl From<Cow<'_, str>> for Box<str> {
/// Converts a `Cow<'_, str>` into a `Box<str>`
///
/// When `cow` is the `Cow::Borrowed` variant, this
/// conversion allocates on the heap and copies the
/// underlying `str`. Otherwise, it will try to reuse the owned
/// `String`'s allocation.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// use std::borrow::Cow;
///
/// let unboxed = Cow::Borrowed("hello");
/// let boxed: Box<str> = Box::from(unboxed);
/// println!("{boxed}");
/// ```
///
/// ```rust
/// # use std::borrow::Cow;
/// let unboxed = Cow::Owned("hello".to_string());
/// let boxed: Box<str> = Box::from(unboxed);
/// println!("{boxed}");
/// ```
#[inline]
fn from(cow: Cow<'_, str>) -> Box<str> {
match cow {
Cow::Borrowed(s) => Box::from(s),
Cow::Owned(s) => Box::from(s),
}
}
}
#[stable(feature = "boxed_str_conv", since = "1.19.0")]
impl<A: Allocator> From<Box<str, A>> for Box<[u8], A> {
/// Converts a `Box<str>` into a `Box<[u8]>`
///
/// This conversion does not allocate on the heap and happens in place.
///
/// # Examples
/// ```rust
/// // create a Box<str> which will be used to create a Box<[u8]>
/// let boxed: Box<str> = Box::from("hello");
/// let boxed_str: Box<[u8]> = Box::from(boxed);
///
/// // create a &[u8] which will be used to create a Box<[u8]>
/// let slice: &[u8] = &[104, 101, 108, 108, 111];
/// let boxed_slice = Box::from(slice);
///
/// assert_eq!(boxed_slice, boxed_str);
/// ```
#[inline]
fn from(s: Box<str, A>) -> Self {
let (raw, alloc) = Box::into_raw_with_allocator(s);
unsafe { Box::from_raw_in(raw as *mut [u8], alloc) }
}
}
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
#[stable(feature = "box_from_array", since = "1.45.0")]
impl<T, const N: usize> From<[T; N]> for Box<[T]> {
/// Converts a `[T; N]` into a `Box<[T]>`
///
/// This conversion moves the array to newly heap-allocated memory.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// let boxed: Box<[u8]> = Box::from([4, 2]);
/// println!("{boxed:?}");
/// ```
fn from(array: [T; N]) -> Box<[T]> {
Box::new(array)
}
}
/// Casts a boxed slice to a boxed array.
///
/// # Safety
///
/// `boxed_slice.len()` must be exactly `N`.
unsafe fn boxed_slice_as_array_unchecked<T, A: Allocator, const N: usize>(
boxed_slice: Box<[T], A>,
) -> Box<[T; N], A> {
debug_assert_eq!(boxed_slice.len(), N);
let (ptr, alloc) = Box::into_raw_with_allocator(boxed_slice);
// SAFETY: Pointer and allocator came from an existing box,
// and our safety condition requires that the length is exactly `N`
unsafe { Box::from_raw_in(ptr as *mut [T; N], alloc) }
}
#[stable(feature = "boxed_slice_try_from", since = "1.43.0")]
impl<T, const N: usize> TryFrom<Box<[T]>> for Box<[T; N]> {
type Error = Box<[T]>;
/// Attempts to convert a `Box<[T]>` into a `Box<[T; N]>`.
///
/// The conversion occurs in-place and does not require a
/// new memory allocation.
///
/// # Errors
///
/// Returns the old `Box<[T]>` in the `Err` variant if
/// `boxed_slice.len()` does not equal `N`.
fn try_from(boxed_slice: Box<[T]>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
if boxed_slice.len() == N {
Ok(unsafe { boxed_slice_as_array_unchecked(boxed_slice) })
} else {
Err(boxed_slice)
}
}
}
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
#[stable(feature = "boxed_array_try_from_vec", since = "1.66.0")]
impl<T, const N: usize> TryFrom<Vec<T>> for Box<[T; N]> {
type Error = Vec<T>;
/// Attempts to convert a `Vec<T>` into a `Box<[T; N]>`.
///
/// Like [`Vec::into_boxed_slice`], this is in-place if `vec.capacity() == N`,
/// but will require a reallocation otherwise.
///
/// # Errors
///
/// Returns the original `Vec<T>` in the `Err` variant if
/// `boxed_slice.len()` does not equal `N`.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// This can be used with [`vec!`] to create an array on the heap:
///
/// ```
/// let state: Box<[f32; 100]> = vec![1.0; 100].try_into().unwrap();
/// assert_eq!(state.len(), 100);
/// ```
fn try_from(vec: Vec<T>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
if vec.len() == N {
let boxed_slice = vec.into_boxed_slice();
Ok(unsafe { boxed_slice_as_array_unchecked(boxed_slice) })
} else {
Err(vec)
}
}
}
impl<A: Allocator> Box<dyn Any, A> {
/// Attempt to downcast the box to a concrete type.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::any::Any;
///
/// fn print_if_string(value: Box<dyn Any>) {
/// if let Ok(string) = value.downcast::<String>() {
/// println!("String ({}): {}", string.len(), string);
/// }
/// }
///
/// let my_string = "Hello World".to_string();
/// print_if_string(Box::new(my_string));
/// print_if_string(Box::new(0i8));
/// ```
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub fn downcast<T: Any>(self) -> Result<Box<T, A>, Self> {
if self.is::<T>() { unsafe { Ok(self.downcast_unchecked::<T>()) } } else { Err(self) }
}
/// Downcasts the box to a concrete type.
///
/// For a safe alternative see [`downcast`].
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// #![feature(downcast_unchecked)]
///
/// use std::any::Any;
///
/// let x: Box<dyn Any> = Box::new(1_usize);
///
/// unsafe {
/// assert_eq!(*x.downcast_unchecked::<usize>(), 1);
/// }
/// ```
///
/// # Safety
///
/// The contained value must be of type `T`. Calling this method
/// with the incorrect type is *undefined behavior*.
///
/// [`downcast`]: Self::downcast
#[inline]
#[unstable(feature = "downcast_unchecked", issue = "90850")]
pub unsafe fn downcast_unchecked<T: Any>(self) -> Box<T, A> {
debug_assert!(self.is::<T>());
unsafe {
let (raw, alloc): (*mut dyn Any, _) = Box::into_raw_with_allocator(self);
Box::from_raw_in(raw as *mut T, alloc)
}
}
}
impl<A: Allocator> Box<dyn Any + Send, A> {
/// Attempt to downcast the box to a concrete type.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::any::Any;
///
/// fn print_if_string(value: Box<dyn Any + Send>) {
/// if let Ok(string) = value.downcast::<String>() {
/// println!("String ({}): {}", string.len(), string);
/// }
/// }
///
/// let my_string = "Hello World".to_string();
/// print_if_string(Box::new(my_string));
/// print_if_string(Box::new(0i8));
/// ```
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub fn downcast<T: Any>(self) -> Result<Box<T, A>, Self> {
if self.is::<T>() { unsafe { Ok(self.downcast_unchecked::<T>()) } } else { Err(self) }
}
/// Downcasts the box to a concrete type.
///
/// For a safe alternative see [`downcast`].
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// #![feature(downcast_unchecked)]
///
/// use std::any::Any;
///
/// let x: Box<dyn Any + Send> = Box::new(1_usize);
///
/// unsafe {
/// assert_eq!(*x.downcast_unchecked::<usize>(), 1);
/// }
/// ```
///
/// # Safety
///
/// The contained value must be of type `T`. Calling this method
/// with the incorrect type is *undefined behavior*.
///
/// [`downcast`]: Self::downcast
#[inline]
#[unstable(feature = "downcast_unchecked", issue = "90850")]
pub unsafe fn downcast_unchecked<T: Any>(self) -> Box<T, A> {
debug_assert!(self.is::<T>());
unsafe {
let (raw, alloc): (*mut (dyn Any + Send), _) = Box::into_raw_with_allocator(self);
Box::from_raw_in(raw as *mut T, alloc)
}
}
}
impl<A: Allocator> Box<dyn Any + Send + Sync, A> {
/// Attempt to downcast the box to a concrete type.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::any::Any;
///
/// fn print_if_string(value: Box<dyn Any + Send + Sync>) {
/// if let Ok(string) = value.downcast::<String>() {
/// println!("String ({}): {}", string.len(), string);
/// }
/// }
///
/// let my_string = "Hello World".to_string();
/// print_if_string(Box::new(my_string));
/// print_if_string(Box::new(0i8));
/// ```
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "box_send_sync_any_downcast", since = "1.51.0")]
pub fn downcast<T: Any>(self) -> Result<Box<T, A>, Self> {
if self.is::<T>() { unsafe { Ok(self.downcast_unchecked::<T>()) } } else { Err(self) }
}
/// Downcasts the box to a concrete type.
///
/// For a safe alternative see [`downcast`].
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// #![feature(downcast_unchecked)]
///
/// use std::any::Any;
///
/// let x: Box<dyn Any + Send + Sync> = Box::new(1_usize);
///
/// unsafe {
/// assert_eq!(*x.downcast_unchecked::<usize>(), 1);
/// }
/// ```
///
/// # Safety
///
/// The contained value must be of type `T`. Calling this method
/// with the incorrect type is *undefined behavior*.
///
/// [`downcast`]: Self::downcast
#[inline]
#[unstable(feature = "downcast_unchecked", issue = "90850")]
pub unsafe fn downcast_unchecked<T: Any>(self) -> Box<T, A> {
debug_assert!(self.is::<T>());
unsafe {
let (raw, alloc): (*mut (dyn Any + Send + Sync), _) =
Box::into_raw_with_allocator(self);
Box::from_raw_in(raw as *mut T, alloc)
}
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: fmt::Display + ?Sized, A: Allocator> fmt::Display for Box<T, A> {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
fmt::Display::fmt(&**self, f)
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: fmt::Debug + ?Sized, A: Allocator> fmt::Debug for Box<T, A> {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
fmt::Debug::fmt(&**self, f)
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized, A: Allocator> fmt::Pointer for Box<T, A> {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
// It's not possible to extract the inner Uniq directly from the Box,
// instead we cast it to a *const which aliases the Unique
let ptr: *const T = &**self;
fmt::Pointer::fmt(&ptr, f)
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized, A: Allocator> Deref for Box<T, A> {
type Target = T;
fn deref(&self) -> &T {
&**self
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized, A: Allocator> DerefMut for Box<T, A> {
fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T {
&mut **self
}
}
#[unstable(feature = "receiver_trait", issue = "none")]
impl<T: ?Sized, A: Allocator> Receiver for Box<T, A> {}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<I: Iterator + ?Sized, A: Allocator> Iterator for Box<I, A> {
type Item = I::Item;
fn next(&mut self) -> Option<I::Item> {
(**self).next()
}
fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
(**self).size_hint()
}
fn nth(&mut self, n: usize) -> Option<I::Item> {
(**self).nth(n)
}
fn last(self) -> Option<I::Item> {
BoxIter::last(self)
}
}
trait BoxIter {
type Item;
fn last(self) -> Option<Self::Item>;
}
impl<I: Iterator + ?Sized, A: Allocator> BoxIter for Box<I, A> {
type Item = I::Item;
default fn last(self) -> Option<I::Item> {
#[inline]
fn some<T>(_: Option<T>, x: T) -> Option<T> {
Some(x)
}
self.fold(None, some)
}
}
/// Specialization for sized `I`s that uses `I`s implementation of `last()`
/// instead of the default.
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<I: Iterator, A: Allocator> BoxIter for Box<I, A> {
fn last(self) -> Option<I::Item> {
(*self).last()
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<I: DoubleEndedIterator + ?Sized, A: Allocator> DoubleEndedIterator for Box<I, A> {
fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<I::Item> {
(**self).next_back()
}
fn nth_back(&mut self, n: usize) -> Option<I::Item> {
(**self).nth_back(n)
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<I: ExactSizeIterator + ?Sized, A: Allocator> ExactSizeIterator for Box<I, A> {
fn len(&self) -> usize {
(**self).len()
}
fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
(**self).is_empty()
}
}
#[stable(feature = "fused", since = "1.26.0")]
impl<I: FusedIterator + ?Sized, A: Allocator> FusedIterator for Box<I, A> {}
#[stable(feature = "boxed_closure_impls", since = "1.35.0")]
impl<Args: Tuple, F: FnOnce<Args> + ?Sized, A: Allocator> FnOnce<Args> for Box<F, A> {
type Output = <F as FnOnce<Args>>::Output;
extern "rust-call" fn call_once(self, args: Args) -> Self::Output {
<F as FnOnce<Args>>::call_once(*self, args)
}
}
#[stable(feature = "boxed_closure_impls", since = "1.35.0")]
impl<Args: Tuple, F: FnMut<Args> + ?Sized, A: Allocator> FnMut<Args> for Box<F, A> {
extern "rust-call" fn call_mut(&mut self, args: Args) -> Self::Output {
<F as FnMut<Args>>::call_mut(self, args)
}
}
#[stable(feature = "boxed_closure_impls", since = "1.35.0")]
impl<Args: Tuple, F: Fn<Args> + ?Sized, A: Allocator> Fn<Args> for Box<F, A> {
extern "rust-call" fn call(&self, args: Args) -> Self::Output {
<F as Fn<Args>>::call(self, args)
}
}
#[unstable(feature = "coerce_unsized", issue = "18598")]
impl<T: ?Sized + Unsize<U>, U: ?Sized, A: Allocator> CoerceUnsized<Box<U, A>> for Box<T, A> {}
#[unstable(feature = "dispatch_from_dyn", issue = "none")]
impl<T: ?Sized + Unsize<U>, U: ?Sized> DispatchFromDyn<Box<U>> for Box<T, Global> {}
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
#[stable(feature = "boxed_slice_from_iter", since = "1.32.0")]
impl<I> FromIterator<I> for Box<[I]> {
fn from_iter<T: IntoIterator<Item = I>>(iter: T) -> Self {
iter.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>().into_boxed_slice()
}
}
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
#[stable(feature = "box_slice_clone", since = "1.3.0")]
impl<T: Clone, A: Allocator + Clone> Clone for Box<[T], A> {
fn clone(&self) -> Self {
let alloc = Box::allocator(self).clone();
self.to_vec_in(alloc).into_boxed_slice()
}
fn clone_from(&mut self, other: &Self) {
if self.len() == other.len() {
self.clone_from_slice(&other);
} else {
*self = other.clone();
}
}
}
#[stable(feature = "box_borrow", since = "1.1.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized, A: Allocator> borrow::Borrow<T> for Box<T, A> {
fn borrow(&self) -> &T {
&**self
}
}
#[stable(feature = "box_borrow", since = "1.1.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized, A: Allocator> borrow::BorrowMut<T> for Box<T, A> {
fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T {
&mut **self
}
}
#[stable(since = "1.5.0", feature = "smart_ptr_as_ref")]
impl<T: ?Sized, A: Allocator> AsRef<T> for Box<T, A> {
fn as_ref(&self) -> &T {
&**self
}
}
#[stable(since = "1.5.0", feature = "smart_ptr_as_ref")]
impl<T: ?Sized, A: Allocator> AsMut<T> for Box<T, A> {
fn as_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T {
&mut **self
}
}
/* Nota bene
*
* We could have chosen not to add this impl, and instead have written a
* function of Pin<Box<T>> to Pin<T>. Such a function would not be sound,
* because Box<T> implements Unpin even when T does not, as a result of
* this impl.
*
* We chose this API instead of the alternative for a few reasons:
* - Logically, it is helpful to understand pinning in regard to the
* memory region being pointed to. For this reason none of the
* standard library pointer types support projecting through a pin
* (Box<T> is the only pointer type in std for which this would be
* safe.)
* - It is in practice very useful to have Box<T> be unconditionally
* Unpin because of trait objects, for which the structural auto
* trait functionality does not apply (e.g., Box<dyn Foo> would
* otherwise not be Unpin).
*
* Another type with the same semantics as Box but only a conditional
* implementation of `Unpin` (where `T: Unpin`) would be valid/safe, and
* could have a method to project a Pin<T> from it.
*/
#[stable(feature = "pin", since = "1.33.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized, A: Allocator> Unpin for Box<T, A> where A: 'static {}
#[unstable(feature = "generator_trait", issue = "43122")]
impl<G: ?Sized + Generator<R> + Unpin, R, A: Allocator> Generator<R> for Box<G, A>
where
A: 'static,
{
type Yield = G::Yield;
type Return = G::Return;
fn resume(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, arg: R) -> GeneratorState<Self::Yield, Self::Return> {
G::resume(Pin::new(&mut *self), arg)
}
}
#[unstable(feature = "generator_trait", issue = "43122")]
impl<G: ?Sized + Generator<R>, R, A: Allocator> Generator<R> for Pin<Box<G, A>>
where
A: 'static,
{
type Yield = G::Yield;
type Return = G::Return;
fn resume(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, arg: R) -> GeneratorState<Self::Yield, Self::Return> {
G::resume((*self).as_mut(), arg)
}
}
#[stable(feature = "futures_api", since = "1.36.0")]
impl<F: ?Sized + Future + Unpin, A: Allocator> Future for Box<F, A>
where
A: 'static,
{
type Output = F::Output;
fn poll(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
F::poll(Pin::new(&mut *self), cx)
}
}
#[unstable(feature = "async_iterator", issue = "79024")]
impl<S: ?Sized + AsyncIterator + Unpin> AsyncIterator for Box<S> {
type Item = S::Item;
fn poll_next(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
Pin::new(&mut **self).poll_next(cx)
}
fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
(**self).size_hint()
}
}
impl dyn Error {
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "error_downcast", since = "1.3.0")]
#[rustc_allow_incoherent_impl]
/// Attempts to downcast the box to a concrete type.
pub fn downcast<T: Error + 'static>(self: Box<Self>) -> Result<Box<T>, Box<dyn Error>> {
if self.is::<T>() {
unsafe {
let raw: *mut dyn Error = Box::into_raw(self);
Ok(Box::from_raw(raw as *mut T))
}
} else {
Err(self)
}
}
}
impl dyn Error + Send {
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "error_downcast", since = "1.3.0")]
#[rustc_allow_incoherent_impl]
/// Attempts to downcast the box to a concrete type.
pub fn downcast<T: Error + 'static>(self: Box<Self>) -> Result<Box<T>, Box<dyn Error + Send>> {
let err: Box<dyn Error> = self;
<dyn Error>::downcast(err).map_err(|s| unsafe {
// Reapply the `Send` marker.
mem::transmute::<Box<dyn Error>, Box<dyn Error + Send>>(s)
})
}
}
impl dyn Error + Send + Sync {
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "error_downcast", since = "1.3.0")]
#[rustc_allow_incoherent_impl]
/// Attempts to downcast the box to a concrete type.
pub fn downcast<T: Error + 'static>(self: Box<Self>) -> Result<Box<T>, Box<Self>> {
let err: Box<dyn Error> = self;
<dyn Error>::downcast(err).map_err(|s| unsafe {
// Reapply the `Send + Sync` marker.
mem::transmute::<Box<dyn Error>, Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>(s)
})
}
}
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<'a, E: Error + 'a> From<E> for Box<dyn Error + 'a> {
/// Converts a type of [`Error`] into a box of dyn [`Error`].
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::error::Error;
/// use std::fmt;
/// use std::mem;
///
/// #[derive(Debug)]
/// struct AnError;
///
/// impl fmt::Display for AnError {
/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
/// write!(f, "An error")
/// }
/// }
///
/// impl Error for AnError {}
///
/// let an_error = AnError;
/// assert!(0 == mem::size_of_val(&an_error));
/// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(an_error);
/// assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
/// ```
fn from(err: E) -> Box<dyn Error + 'a> {
Box::new(err)
}
}
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<'a, E: Error + Send + Sync + 'a> From<E> for Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a> {
/// Converts a type of [`Error`] + [`Send`] + [`Sync`] into a box of
/// dyn [`Error`] + [`Send`] + [`Sync`].
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::error::Error;
/// use std::fmt;
/// use std::mem;
///
/// #[derive(Debug)]
/// struct AnError;
///
/// impl fmt::Display for AnError {
/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
/// write!(f, "An error")
/// }
/// }
///
/// impl Error for AnError {}
///
/// unsafe impl Send for AnError {}
///
/// unsafe impl Sync for AnError {}
///
/// let an_error = AnError;
/// assert!(0 == mem::size_of_val(&an_error));
/// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(an_error);
/// assert!(
/// mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
/// ```
fn from(err: E) -> Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a> {
Box::new(err)
}
}
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl From<String> for Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync> {
/// Converts a [`String`] into a box of dyn [`Error`] + [`Send`] + [`Sync`].
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::error::Error;
/// use std::mem;
///
/// let a_string_error = "a string error".to_string();
/// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(a_string_error);
/// assert!(
/// mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
/// ```
#[inline]
fn from(err: String) -> Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync> {
struct StringError(String);
impl Error for StringError {
#[allow(deprecated)]
fn description(&self) -> &str {
&self.0
}
}
impl fmt::Display for StringError {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)
}
}
// Purposefully skip printing "StringError(..)"
impl fmt::Debug for StringError {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)
}
}
Box::new(StringError(err))
}
}
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
#[stable(feature = "string_box_error", since = "1.6.0")]
impl From<String> for Box<dyn Error> {
/// Converts a [`String`] into a box of dyn [`Error`].
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::error::Error;
/// use std::mem;
///
/// let a_string_error = "a string error".to_string();
/// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(a_string_error);
/// assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
/// ```
fn from(str_err: String) -> Box<dyn Error> {
let err1: Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync> = From::from(str_err);
let err2: Box<dyn Error> = err1;
err2
}
}
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<'a> From<&str> for Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a> {
/// Converts a [`str`] into a box of dyn [`Error`] + [`Send`] + [`Sync`].
///
/// [`str`]: prim@str
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::error::Error;
/// use std::mem;
///
/// let a_str_error = "a str error";
/// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(a_str_error);
/// assert!(
/// mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
/// ```
#[inline]
fn from(err: &str) -> Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a> {
From::from(String::from(err))
}
}
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
#[stable(feature = "string_box_error", since = "1.6.0")]
impl From<&str> for Box<dyn Error> {
/// Converts a [`str`] into a box of dyn [`Error`].
///
/// [`str`]: prim@str
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::error::Error;
/// use std::mem;
///
/// let a_str_error = "a str error";
/// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(a_str_error);
/// assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
/// ```
fn from(err: &str) -> Box<dyn Error> {
From::from(String::from(err))
}
}
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
#[stable(feature = "cow_box_error", since = "1.22.0")]
impl<'a, 'b> From<Cow<'b, str>> for Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a> {
/// Converts a [`Cow`] into a box of dyn [`Error`] + [`Send`] + [`Sync`].
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::error::Error;
/// use std::mem;
/// use std::borrow::Cow;
///
/// let a_cow_str_error = Cow::from("a str error");
/// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(a_cow_str_error);
/// assert!(
/// mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
/// ```
fn from(err: Cow<'b, str>) -> Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a> {
From::from(String::from(err))
}
}
#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
#[stable(feature = "cow_box_error", since = "1.22.0")]
impl<'a> From<Cow<'a, str>> for Box<dyn Error> {
/// Converts a [`Cow`] into a box of dyn [`Error`].
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::error::Error;
/// use std::mem;
/// use std::borrow::Cow;
///
/// let a_cow_str_error = Cow::from("a str error");
/// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(a_cow_str_error);
/// assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
/// ```
fn from(err: Cow<'a, str>) -> Box<dyn Error> {
From::from(String::from(err))
}
}
#[stable(feature = "box_error", since = "1.8.0")]
impl<T: core::error::Error> core::error::Error for Box<T> {
#[allow(deprecated, deprecated_in_future)]
fn description(&self) -> &str {
core::error::Error::description(&**self)
}
#[allow(deprecated)]
fn cause(&self) -> Option<&dyn core::error::Error> {
core::error::Error::cause(&**self)
}
fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn core::error::Error + 'static)> {
core::error::Error::source(&**self)
}
}